Programming Languages¶
- C
C is a general-purpose, imperative procedural computer programming language supporting structured programming, lexical variable scope, and recursion, with a static type system. It was designed to be compiled to provide low-level access to memory and language constructs that map efficiently to machine instructions, all with minimal runtime support. C has been standardized by the ANSI X3J11 since 1989 (ANSI C) and by the ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG14 (ISO C).
See also
English Wikipedia: C18 (C standard revision): standard ratified in 2018 as ISO/IEC 9899:2018
English Wikipedia: C11 (C standard revision): standard ratified in 2011 as ISO/IEC 9899:2011
English Wikipedia: C99: standard ratified in 1999 as ISO/IEC 9899:1999
English Wikipedia: C95 (C version): Amendment 1 ratified in 1995 as ISO/IEC 9899:1990/AMD1:1995
English Wikipedia: C90 (C version): standard ratified in 1990 as ISO/IEC 9899:1990
English Wikipedia: C89 (C version): standard ratified in 1989 as ANSI X3.159-1989
- C++
C++ is a general-purpose programming language as an extension of the C programming language, or “C with Classes”. Modern C++ implementations now has object-oriented, generic, and functional features in addition to facilities for low-level memory manipulation. C++ is standardized by the ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG14 since 1998.
See also
English Wikipedia: C++17: standard ratified in 2017 as ISO/IEC 14882:2017
English Wikipedia: C++14: standard ratified in 2014 as ISO/IEC 14882:2014
English Wikipedia: C++11: standard ratified in 2011 as ISO/IEC 14882:2011
English Wikipedia: C++03: standard ratified in 2003 as ISO/IEC 14882:2003
initially standardized in 1998 as ISO/IEC 14882:1998
- ES
- ECMAScript
ES is a general-purpose programming language, standardized by Ecma International since 1997 according to the document ECMA-262. It is a JavaScript standard meant to ensure the interoperability of Web pages across different Web browsers. ES is standardized by the ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22 since 1998.
See also
ES Edition 11: standard ratified in 2020 as ECMA-262-11:2020
ES Edition 5.1: standard ratified in 2011 as ISO/IEC 16262:2011
ES Edition 2: initially standardized in 1998 as ISO/IEC 16262:1998
- JS
- JavaScript
JS is a programming language that conforms to the ECMAScript specification. JavaScript is high-level, often just-in-time compiled, and multi-paradigm. It has curly-bracket syntax, dynamic typing, prototype-based object-orientation, and first-class functions.
Alongside HTML and CSS, JavaScript is one of the core technologies of the World Wide Web. JavaScript enables interactive web pages and is an essential part of web applications. The vast majority of websites use it for client-side page behavior, and all major web browsers have a dedicated JavaScript engine to execute it.
- Python
Python is an interpreted, high-level and general-purpose programming language. Python interpreters are available for many operating systems. A global community of programmers develops and maintains CPython, a free and open-source reference implementation. A non-profit organization, the Python Software Foundation, manages and directs resources for Python and CPython development.
CPython is the reference implementation of Python. It is written in C, meeting the C89 standard with several select C99 features. Python’s development is conducted largely through the PEP process, the primary mechanism for proposing major new features, collecting community input on issues and documenting Python design decisions. Python coding style is covered in PEP 8.